In a significant judgment handed down by the Johannesburg High Court in BASF South Africa (Pty) Ltd v CSars, the Court was required to consider a fundamental question that goes to the heart of tax dispute litigation, namely, can the South African Revenue Service (Sars) change its case once litigation is already underway, and if so, to what extent?

The Court delivered a decisive ruling about Sars seeking to significantly expand its case during earlier proceedings in the litigation process. Sars contended that this did not amount to a change in its case, but additional support for the existing assessment. The High Court, however, was unequivocal: Sars cannot introduce new legal bases that fall outside the statutory framework under the guise of supporting an existing assessment.

The Court made it clear that Sars does not have an open-ended licence to reshape its case as litigation unfolds. The assessment must stand or fall on the factual and legal basis on which it was issued.

Background

The dispute arose from additional assessments issued by Sars in respect of a transfer pricing arrangement under section 31(2) of the Income Tax Act, No. 58 of 1962 (“ITA”). The taxpayer, BASF South Africa, had been assessed on the basis that its transactions with a connected non-resident entity were not conducted at arm’s length, resulting in an upward adjustment to its taxable income. 

At its core, the matter concerned the pricing of platinum group metals used in the manufacture of catalytic converters, with Sars relying on a benchmarking analysis using the transactional net margin method to support its adjustment. 

However, what began as a technical transfer pricing dispute quickly evolved into a procedural battleground with far broader implications.

The Taxpayer’s Case

BASF challenged the additional assessment in full, maintaining that its pricing was arm’s length and that Sars had fundamentally erred in both its methodology and application.

Critically, the taxpayer argued that Sars had:

• Applied an inappropriate transfer pricing method;
• Relied on non-comparable entities;
• Failed to account for the unique cost structure of high-value raw materials; and 
• Incorrectly calculated profitability metrics forming the basis of the adjustment. 

As the dispute progressed into the Tax Court phase, BASF raised additional arguments, including the proper treatment of certain income components and the fact that it was compensated by customers for holding and financing inventory.

Importantly, these arguments did not seek to challenge a new amount, but rather to attack the correctness of the same disputed adjustment.

Sars’ Case

Sars, on the other hand, sought to significantly expand its case during the litigation process.

This included:

• Introducing entirely new benchmarking studies conducted by an independent expert;
• Relying on different comparables and datasets; and 
• Advancing a new “MNE group synergies” adjustment, which had not formed part of the original assessment. 

Sars contended that this did not amount to a change in its case but is additional support for the existing assessment, particularly in light of issues raised by the taxpayer.

Further, Sars argued that tax appeals are heard de novo, and therefore both parties should be permitted to introduce additional material as the case evolves.

The Court’s Findings

The High Court decisively rejected Sars’ approach, drawing a clear distinction between:

• Permissible refinement or amplification of an existing case; and 
• Impermissible “novation” of the factual or legal basis of an assessment. 

On the facts, the Court found that Sars had crossed the line.

First, the introduction of multiple new benchmarking studies fundamentally altered the factual foundation of the assessment. This was not a clarification, but an entirely new case. 

Second, the reliance on “MNE group synergies” was found to be legally incompetent. Section 31(2) of the ITA, as it applied at the time, permitted adjustments only to “consideration”, being the price of the transaction itself. It did not allow for separate adjustments based on broader economic concepts such as group synergies. 

The Court was clear that Sars cannot introduce new legal bases that fall outside the statutory framework while presenting them as support for an existing assessment.

As a result, the Court held that Sars’ proposed amendments to its Rule 31 statement constituted a prohibited novation and should never have been allowed.

A Critical Win for Taxpayers on Procedure

Equally important was the Court’s treatment of the taxpayer’s own amendments.

The Tax Court had previously refused BASF leave to introduce certain additional grounds on the basis that they were not raised in the original objection.

The High Court overturned this finding.

It confirmed a crucial principle in tax litigation, namely, that once a taxpayer has objected to the full amount of an assessment, it is entitled to raise new legal or factual arguments on appeal, provided these arguments relate to the same disputed amount.

The Court emphasised that:

• The “amount” in dispute defines the scope of the case; and
• The “grounds” may evolve, be refined, or even change entirely. 

In this matter, BASF had objected to the full adjustment, and its additional arguments merely sought to demonstrate why that same adjustment was incorrect. That was entirely permissible. 

The Outcome

The appeal succeeded in its entirety.

The Court:

• Refused Sars leave to amend its Rule 31 statement;
• Granted BASF leave to amend its Rule 32 statement; and 
• Awarded costs against Sars, including the costs of two counsel on a punitive scale. 

Implications

This judgment delivers a powerful and necessary reminder in tax dispute resolution about changing your case once litigation is already underway.

Sars does not have an open-ended licence to reshape its case as litigation unfolds. 

For taxpayers, the decision reinforces several critical principles:

1. A taxpayer is entitled to certainty in the case it must meet. Allowing Sars to fundamentally change its position midstream undermines fairness and due process.
2. Transfer pricing disputes, while complex, remain governed by the statutory framework. Economic theory and expert opinion cannot override the wording of the legislation.
3. Importantly, taxpayers retain flexibility in advancing their case. Once an assessment is fully disputed, the taxpayer is not confined to the precise wording of its objection and may raise additional arguments in support of its position.

Final Thoughts

From a dispute strategy perspective, this case is a stark warning to both sides.

For Sars, it confirms that attempting to “fix” a weak assessment during litigation carries significant risk and may be struck down entirely.

For taxpayers, it highlights the importance of properly framing objections at the outset, while also recognising that the appeal stage remains a powerful opportunity to strengthen and refine the case.

As always, tax disputes are not merely administrative processes, they are legal proceedings governed by strict rules. As this judgment makes clear, those rules matter.

Written by André Daniels, Head of Tax Controversy & Dispute Resolution at Tax Consulting SA