Accounting for the actual value of natural resources, including
resource depletion and population growth, shows that net savings
per person are negative in the world's most impoverished countries,
particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, according to a new World Bank
publication, 'Where is the Wealth of Nations?', launched on the eve
of the 2005 UN World Summit.
Current indicators used to guide development decisions - national accounts figures, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - ignore depletion of resources and damage to the environment.
In the Conference Edition of 'Where is the Wealth of Nations?', the World Bank offers new estimates of total wealth, including produced capital, natural resources, and the value of human skills and capabilities, which show that many of the poorest countries in the world are not on a sustainable path.
"New measures of wealth make the social and environmental costs of development decisions visible that are not captured by traditional economics, and thereby allow us to improve actions and policies for sustainable development. Including the value of natural resources and our social capital in national accounting is a vital step to achieve economic growth that is equitable and sustainable," said Achim Steiner, Director General of the World Conservation Union (IUCN).
The publication offers a ranking of countries according to total wealth, with tables highlighting the 10 wealthiest and the 10 poorest countries. Switzerland heads the list of the top-ten performers, the other nine being European countries, the United States, and Japan. Sub-Saharan Africa dominates the bottom-10 list, with Ethiopia having the lowest level of total wealth.
"If a household is running down its bank account from month to month, or having to sell assets such as vehicles or livestock in order to keep food on the table, then we would conclude that this household is not sustainable," explains Kirk Hamilton, Lead Environmental Economist, Environment Department, and the main author of the book.
"The same applies to nations as a whole - if their net saving rate is negative then this is a signal that national wealth is being run down and the development path is not sustainable."
The companion booklet, Ensuring Environmental Sustainability, however, highlights that there are important exceptions - Mauritania has improved its development prospects through better management of fishery resources, while Botswana has successfully used diamond resources to finance the schooling, health care, and infrastructure which have supported its high rate of growth.
In the case of Botswana, the government makes specific provision in its budget to ensure that mineral revenues are invested rather than consumed through government expenditures.
It also maintains a large mineral revenue fund which can both finance future investments and buffer the government budget from swings in diamond prices.
This combination of macroeconomic and natural resource management has permitted Botswana to avoid the 'resource curse' that has afflicted many oil producers.
"Every day, decision makers in developing countries are faced with difficult choices regarding the exploitation of natural resources and the environmental impacts of development programs and policies," said Ian Johnson, World Bank Vice President for Sustainable Development.
"But the tools currently being used are leaving out the natural resources stocks and intangible capital such as knowledge and skills. Sound management of ecosystems is key to a responsible path to growth. This publication challenges common assumptions about how nations generate their wealth."
With this publication, the World Bank releases what could be termed the 'millennium capital assessment', or monetary estimates of the range of resources - produced, ecosystems, and intangible - upon which development depends. This comprehensive snapshot of wealth for 120 countries at the turn of the millennium aims to deepen the understanding of the linkages between the ability of a country to develop and the level and composition of wealth.
According to 'Where is the Wealth of Nations?', natural wealth - the value of minerals, energy, forests, cropland, pastureland, and protected areas - is actually a much higher share of total wealth in low-income countries than produced capital, 26% compared with 16%.
The 7th Millennium Development Goal (MDG) - to ensure environmental sustainability - calls on countries to "reverse the losses of environmental resources" by 2015.
Achieving this goal has proven to be elusive for most countries, not least because of a lack of indicators of sustainable development.
"There is a shared sense of urgency about meeting the MDGs," added Evans, "however, it would be tragic if the achievements of 2015 are not sustained because soils have been mined and fisheries and forests depleted. Avoiding this outcome is the true seventh Millennium Development Goal."
Current indicators used to guide development decisions - national accounts figures, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - ignore depletion of resources and damage to the environment.
In the Conference Edition of 'Where is the Wealth of Nations?', the World Bank offers new estimates of total wealth, including produced capital, natural resources, and the value of human skills and capabilities, which show that many of the poorest countries in the world are not on a sustainable path.
"New measures of wealth make the social and environmental costs of development decisions visible that are not captured by traditional economics, and thereby allow us to improve actions and policies for sustainable development. Including the value of natural resources and our social capital in national accounting is a vital step to achieve economic growth that is equitable and sustainable," said Achim Steiner, Director General of the World Conservation Union (IUCN).
The publication offers a ranking of countries according to total wealth, with tables highlighting the 10 wealthiest and the 10 poorest countries. Switzerland heads the list of the top-ten performers, the other nine being European countries, the United States, and Japan. Sub-Saharan Africa dominates the bottom-10 list, with Ethiopia having the lowest level of total wealth.
"If a household is running down its bank account from month to month, or having to sell assets such as vehicles or livestock in order to keep food on the table, then we would conclude that this household is not sustainable," explains Kirk Hamilton, Lead Environmental Economist, Environment Department, and the main author of the book.
"The same applies to nations as a whole - if their net saving rate is negative then this is a signal that national wealth is being run down and the development path is not sustainable."
The companion booklet, Ensuring Environmental Sustainability, however, highlights that there are important exceptions - Mauritania has improved its development prospects through better management of fishery resources, while Botswana has successfully used diamond resources to finance the schooling, health care, and infrastructure which have supported its high rate of growth.
In the case of Botswana, the government makes specific provision in its budget to ensure that mineral revenues are invested rather than consumed through government expenditures.
It also maintains a large mineral revenue fund which can both finance future investments and buffer the government budget from swings in diamond prices.
This combination of macroeconomic and natural resource management has permitted Botswana to avoid the 'resource curse' that has afflicted many oil producers.
"Every day, decision makers in developing countries are faced with difficult choices regarding the exploitation of natural resources and the environmental impacts of development programs and policies," said Ian Johnson, World Bank Vice President for Sustainable Development.
"But the tools currently being used are leaving out the natural resources stocks and intangible capital such as knowledge and skills. Sound management of ecosystems is key to a responsible path to growth. This publication challenges common assumptions about how nations generate their wealth."
With this publication, the World Bank releases what could be termed the 'millennium capital assessment', or monetary estimates of the range of resources - produced, ecosystems, and intangible - upon which development depends. This comprehensive snapshot of wealth for 120 countries at the turn of the millennium aims to deepen the understanding of the linkages between the ability of a country to develop and the level and composition of wealth.
According to 'Where is the Wealth of Nations?', natural wealth - the value of minerals, energy, forests, cropland, pastureland, and protected areas - is actually a much higher share of total wealth in low-income countries than produced capital, 26% compared with 16%.
The 7th Millennium Development Goal (MDG) - to ensure environmental sustainability - calls on countries to "reverse the losses of environmental resources" by 2015.
Achieving this goal has proven to be elusive for most countries, not least because of a lack of indicators of sustainable development.
"There is a shared sense of urgency about meeting the MDGs," added Evans, "however, it would be tragic if the achievements of 2015 are not sustained because soils have been mined and fisheries and forests depleted. Avoiding this outcome is the true seventh Millennium Development Goal."
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