Equatorial Guinea holds elections on Sunday in which the world's longest-standing leader President Teodoro Obiang Nguema will seek to extend his 43-year authoritarian rule, marked by alleged rights abuses and corruption.

The West African oil-producing nation of around 1.5-million has had only two presidents since independence from Spain in 1968. Obiang ousted his uncle Francisco Macias Nguema in a coup in 1979.

The 80-year-old Obiang, always elected with over 90% of votes in polls international observers have questioned, is vying for a sixth term against two other candidates: Andres Esono Ondo and Buenaventura Monsuy Asumu. Parliamentary and local elections will be held at the same time.

Oil and gas production accounts for around three quarters of revenues in the OPEC member state. But output has dwindled in recent years to around 93 000 barrels per day (bpd), from around 160 000 bpd in 2015 due to maturing fields.

Although the tiny Gulf of Guinea nation has seen major investments in infrastructure, critics say under Obiang, oil wealth has lined the pockets of his entourage, who flash luxury lifestyles while most of the population live in poverty.

Obiang is also accused of muzzling dissent and freedom of expression. The government has denied the accusations.

Protests are mostly forbidden, media is heavily controlled, and it is not uncommon for political opponents to be arbitrarily arrested and tortured, rights groups say.

Intimidation has increased in the run-up to the polls, activists say, with authorities targeting civil society groups and critics of the regime.

In September, security forces raided the headquarters of a banned opposition party - the only one with a seat in parliament - and detained over 100 of its members.

"On Sunday people will cast the vote the government expects them to, because you cannot freely speak up your mind in Equatorial Guinea," human rights activist Tutu Alicante told Reuters.

"WHATEVER IT TAKES"

Repression ahead of the vote has offset efforts by Obiang to improve his image abroad, the latest seen in a move to abolish the death penalty earlier this year.

"He is washing his face in front of the international community," said Amnesty International's Senior Campaigner for West Africa Marta Colomer.

Alleged corruption has also tainted Obiang's tenure despite several pledges to increase transparency.

His son Vice-President Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, who observers see as a potential successor, was convicted for embezzlement by a French court in 2020.

Assets that foreign powers say he bought with ill-gotten gains include a crystal-covered glove worn by Michael Jackson, an armoured Rolls-Royce limousine and a yacht.

Both father and son have consistently denied wrongdoing.

If re-elected, Obiang will face new challenges. The economy was hit by Covid-19 and although the war in Ukraine has boosted demand for non-Russian oil it has also brought a sharp rise in food prices.

"The opposition does not stand a chance," Alicante said. "He is going to do whatever it takes not to leave power."