APPENDIX 1

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, AGREEMENTS, TREATIES AND PROTOCOLS WHICH PERTAIN TO POLLUTION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

The international conventions, agreements, treaties and protocols which pertain to pollution and waste management are listed below in chronological order:

• CONVENTION ON THE INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANISATION, 6 March 1948 (Geneva): South Africa was admitted to become a party to this convention after its transition to democracy in 1994. The International Maritime Organisation is a specialist United Nations agency dealing with maritime matters, including the development of all the marine pollution control conventions. No relevant specific domestic legislation has been promulgated.

• THE ANTARCTIC TREATY, 1 December 1959 (Washington): The Antarctic Treaty stipulates that Antarctica may be used only for research and peaceful purposes. It is complemented by resource protection treaties. The relevant domestic legislation is the Antarctic Treaty Act (No.60 of 1996).

• TREATY BANNING NUCLEAR WEAPON TESTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, IN OUTER SPACE AND UNDER WATER, 5 August 1963 (Moscow): South Africa acceded to this convention in 1963. There is no specific legislation giving it domestic effect, but in terms of the Nuclear Energy Act (No.113 of 1994), South Africa indirectly complies with its obligations under this convention.

• CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF THE LIVING RESOURCES OF THE SOUTHEAST ATLANTIC, 23 October 1969 (Rome): This convention regulates the conservation and exploitation of the resources of the Antarctic waters. It imposes a duty to protect the environment. Relevant domestic legislation is the Antarctic Treaty Act (No.60 of 1996).

• INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION RELATING TO INTERVENTION ON THE HIGH SEAS IN CASES OF OIL POLLUTION CASUALTIES, 29 November 1969 (Brussels): This convention authorises coastal states to intervene, subject to certain conditions, with regard to pollution damage which may be caused by foreign vessels in the high seas. It is incorporated into South African law in the International Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties Act (No.64 of 1987). No domestic regulations have been promulgated under this act.

• INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON CIVIL LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE, 29 November 1969 (Brussels): This convention provides for a compensation fund for clean-up costs and environmental damage, subject to certain conditions and ceilings. It is incorporated into South African law in the Prevention and Combating of Pollution of the Sea by Oil Act (No.6 of 1981) and General Regulations made under it (GN R1276 of 29 June 1982).

• CONVENTION ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE, 1971: The convention supplements the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969) in that it is applied when certain limits and financial ceilings exclude the Brussels Convention. South Africa has not become a party to this convention, as it necessitates disclosure of its oil imports.

• TREATY ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE EMPLACEMENT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND OTHER WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION ON THE SEA-BED AND THE OCEAN FLOOR AND IN THE SUBSOIL THEREOF, 11 February 1971 (London, Moscow, Washington): This treaty prohibits environmental pollution from nuclear activities. The relevant legislation is the Nuclear Energy Act (No.113 of 1994).

• CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION BY DUMPING WASTES AND OTHER MATTER, 29 December 1972 (London, Mexico City, Moscow): This convention regulates the dumping at sea of matter scheduled in the convention. It schedules prohibited substances and substances requiring permits and sets out guidelines in this regard. It is incorporated into South African law by the Dumping at Sea Control Act (No.73 of 1980).

• INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS, 1973 and PROTOCOL OF 1978 RELATING TO THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS 1973, 17 February 1978 (London): This convention and the 1978 protocol are concerned with setting standards developed by the International Maritime Organisation for tankers and other large vessels. It is incorporated into South African law in the Marine Pollution (Prevention of Pollution from Ships Act (No.2 of 1986)), and the regulations concerning the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships Regulations (GN R1490, published in Government Gazette No. 14000, dated 29 May 1992).

• CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION FROM LAND-BASED SOURCES, 1974: This convention is relevant to the pollution of coastal waters from land-based sources. South Africa has not acceded to it, but is monitoring developments in this regard and may accede to it in due course.

• CONVENTION ON WETLANDS OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE ESPECIALLY AS WATERFOWL HABITAT, 2 February 1971 (Ramsar) and PROTOCOL TO AMEND CONVENTION ON WETLANDS OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE ESPECIALLY AS WATERFOWL HABITAT, 3 December 1982 (Paris): South Africa is a party to this convention and its associated protocol, whose focus is the protection of wetlands. An obligation is to conserve and protect wetlands and, as such, this convention is indirectly relevant to integrated pollution and waste management. South Africa has listed about a dozen wetlands, including the St Lucia lake area. Relevant domestic legislation includes the respective Nature Conservation Ordinances of the various provinces, as well as the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, (No.43 of 1983).

• MULTILATERAL AGREEMENT ON THE CONTROL OF POLLUTION OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN REGION, 21 November 1985: This agreement imposes general obligations on the parties to cooperate with each other regarding access to and pollution of water resources which are common to two or more parties. There is no specific domestic legislation on this treaty.

• VIENNA CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE OZONE LAYER, 22 March 1985 (Vienna) and MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER, 16 September 1987 (Montreal): The purpose of this convention and its protocol is to protect human beings and the environment from the harmful effect of activities which modify the ozone layer. It requires the parties to cooperate, according to their means, in research and legislative measures and to formulate agreed standards, procedures and measures in the form of protocols and annexes. The 1987 Montreal Protocol sets out a timetable for the reduction of controlled substances which deplete the ozone layer. It establishes a formula for determining calculated levels of consumption and production of controlled substances, based on the ozone-depleting potential of each substance. Although the convention has been ratified, no specific domestic legislation or regulation has been passed in this regard.

• CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES AND THEIR DISPOSAL, 22 March 1989 (Basel): This convention regulates the transboundary movement of hazardous waste. This convention has been acceded to. No domestic legislation has been passed in this regard.

• FOURTH AFRICAN, CARIBBEAN AND PACIFIC-EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY CONVENTION, 15 December 1989 (LOME 4): This convention, which South Africa has signed but not ratified, is a cooperative agreement of the European Community and its member states on the one hand, and the African, Caribbean and Pacific states on the other. Its purpose is to provide and expedite the economic, cultural and social development of the African, Caribbean and Pacific states and to consolidate and diversify their relations in a spirit of solidarity and mutual interest. Title 1 (articles 33 to 39) is dedicated to the environment. Article 39 is dedicated to the control of international movement of hazardous and radioactive waste. The article specifically prohibits all direct and indirect export of such waste by the European Community to the African, Caribbean and Pacific states and provides that the African, Caribbean and Pacific states shall prohibit the import of such waste into their territory. South Africa has not passed domestic legislation or regulations in this regard and will have to do so once it ratifies the convention. South Africa is also considering a bilateral arrangement with the European Community.

• CONVENTION ON THE BAN OF IMPORT INTO AFRICA AND THE CONTROL OF TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE WITHIN AFRICA, 29 January 1991 (Bamako): During the negotiation of the Basel Convention, the African states represented by the Organisation for African Unity adopted the Bamako Convention, as they were of the view that Basel was not strict enough. The Bamako Convention totally prohibits the importation of hazardous waste into Africa. South Africa has neither signed, nor acceded to this convention. No domestic legislation is necessary.

• PROTOCOL ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY, 4 October 1991: This protocol was negotiated because of pressure to explore the mineral potential of Antarctica. It imposes duties to protect the environment, including integrated pollution and waste management. The relevant domestic legislation is the Antarctic Treaty Act (No.60 of 1996).

• UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, 9 May 1992 (New York): The objective of this convention is the "stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system." The convention requires, inter alia, that developed countries formulate and implement programmes which mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and facilitate adaptation to it. South Africa ratified this convention in August 1997.

• CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, opened for signature at Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992: South Africa is a party to this convention, whose obligations include the duty to protect biodiversity, and thus indirectly to promote environmentally sound integrated pollution and waste management practices. A Green Paper on the Conservation and Use of South Africa's Biological Diversity (Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, October 1996) has been published and a White Paper is anticipated. No specific legislation to give effect to this convention has been passed, but many legislative enactments, for example the Nature Conservation ordinances are indirectly relevant.

• CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND STOCKPILING OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS, AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION, opened for signature at Paris  13 January 1993: This Convention is relevant to this White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management for South Africa because when chemical weapons could cause pollution if they are not properly disposed of. Their management, particularly their destruction in the context of the "cradle to grave" principle, is thus important. South Africa ratified this convention in September 1995, and has incorporated it into domestic law (Government Gazette, No. 17967, dated 2 May 1997).

• CONVENTION ON NUCLEAR SAFETY, 17 June 1994: The objective of this convention is to achieve and maintain a high level of nuclear safety world-wide through the enhancement of national measures and international cooperation, including safety-related technical cooperation, where appropriate. South Africa ratified this convention in December 1996 and the Council for Nuclear Safety has initiated a process to develop a national policy and domestic legislation in this regard.

• UNITED NATIONS LAW OF THE SEA CONVENTION, 1982 and AGREEMENT RELATING TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PART XI OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA of 10 December 1982, adopted on 28 Jut 1994: Although South Africa has not ratified this convention, it is relevant, because many provisions reflect customary international law, which is part of South African law. Part XII headed "Protection and Preservation of the Environment" includes provisions on marine pollution.

APPENDIX 2

PRINCIPLES FROM THE WHITE PAPER ON ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT POLICY FOR SOUTH AFRICA

This appendix sets out the principles for environmental management. Principles are the fundamental premises government will use to apply, develop and test policy and subsequent actions, including decision-making, legislation, regulation and enforcement. In some cases the principles are followed by details on how the principle will be applied.

• Accountability

Government is accountable for policy formulation, monitoring and enforcement.

• Allocation of functions

Government will allocate functions within the framework of the Constitution to the institutions and spheres of government that can most effectively achieve the objective of a function within the context of environmental policy.

• Alienation of Resources

Renewable and non-renewable natural resources, cultural resources and land are all part of South Africa's environmental heritage. They are public assets belonging to all the nation's people. Government must ensure that the ownership and use of this heritage promotes sustainable development, benefiting the public good and maintaining environmental integrity. Any alienation of these resources and land must respect people's environmental rights and ensure the sustainable use of such resources and land.

In applying this principle, government must ensure that its investment policies and programmes do not result in the unchecked transfer of ownership of all the nation's natural and cultural resources and land to private investors, or result in access to these resources and land being denied to the people of this country.

• Capacity-building and education

All people must have the opportunity to develop the understanding, skills and capacity for effective participation in achieving sustainable development and sustainable resource use.

• Conflict of interest

Actual or potential conflicts of interest between responsibilities for resource exploitation, and any responsibilities or powers affecting environmental quality or impact management, must be resolved through agreed conflict resolution procedures. Solutions to such conflicts of interest must ensure effective implementation of environmental policy and provide for the role of the lead agent in monitoring and ensuring the maintenance of norms and standards.

• Co-ordination

Environmental concerns affect all aspects of life and must be integrated into the work of all government institutions. This requires intergovernmental harmonisation of policies, legislation, monitoring, regulation and other environmental functions in accordance with the requirements of environmental policy.

• Cradle to grave

Responsibility for the environmental, health and safety consequences of a policy, programme, project, product, process, service or activity exists throughout its life cycle. It starts with conceptualisation and planning and runs through all stages of implementation to reuse, recycling and ultimate disposal of products and waste or decommissioning of installations.

• Custodianship

The government acknowledges that it has a constitutional duty to protect the environment for the benefit of current and future generations of South Africans. Its responsibilities include the duty to act as custodian of the nation's resources, to protect the public interest in, and to ensure equitable access to such resources, and generally to ensure that all South Africans enjoy an environment of acceptable quality. In assuming these duties, the government accepts the duties and responsibilities implied by the doctrine of the Public Trust, particularly regarding State-owned land and natural resources, and will enact legislation to give effect to this principle. The doctrine of the Public Trust requires the State to:

• ensure that environmental resources are beneficially used in the public interest
• protect the people's common heritage
• ensure the public's reasonable access to the environment and natural resources
• ensure adherence to the public trust by all spheres of government
• promote and fulfil the Department of Environmental Affairs' leading role in implementing government's custodianship of the environment.

• Demand management

The price of goods and services must include the environmental cost of sustaining the rate of supply over time. Where this is impossible, the price must include the cost of replacing the item or service, as it is depleted by another item or service at a similar rate of supply and value that fulfils the same function.

• Due process

Due process must be applied in all environmental management activities. This includes adherence to the provisions in the Constitution dealing with just administrative action and public participation in environmental governance.

• Equity

There should be equitable access to environmental resources, benefits and services to meet basic needs and ensure human well-being. Each generation has a duty to avoid impairing the ability of future generations to ensure their well-being.

• Environmental justice

To comply with the requirements of environmental justice, government must integrate environmental considerations with social, political and economic justice and development in addressing the needs and rights of all communities, sectors and individuals.

Policy, legal and institutional frameworks must:

• redress past and present environmental injustice
• take account of the need to protect and create employment
• recognise that workers can refuse work that is harmful to human health or the environment
• ensure that everyone is able to make known environmental or health hazards without fear of the consequences and
• ensure equitable representation and participation of all with particular concern for marginalised groups.

• Full cost accounting

Decisions must be based on an assessment of the full social and environmental costs and benefits of policies, plans, programmes, projects and activities that impact on the environment.

• Global and international cooperation and responsibilities

Government must recognise its shared responsibility for global and regional environmental issues and act with due regard for the principles contained in relevant policies and applicable regional and international agreements.

• Good governance

Good governance depends on mutual trust and reciprocal relations between government and people. This must be based on the fulfilment of constitutional, legislative and executive obligations, and the acceptance of authority, responsibility, transparency and accountability.

The democratically elected government is the legitimate representative of the people. In governing it must meet its obligation to give effect to people's environmental rights in Section 24 of the Constitution. This includes:

• taking responsibility for developing and implementing environmental policy
• exercising the authority to take decisions and carry out actions vested in it by the Constitution
• acting in accordance with the basic values and principles governing public administration that are contained in the Constitution
• being accountable to the people
• responding to public needs and encouraging public participation in environmental governance by providing for the mutual exchange of views and concerns between government and people and
• monitoring and regulating actions that impact on the environment.

• Inclusivity

Environmental management processes must consider the interests, needs and values of all interested and affected parties in decision-making to secure sustainable development. This includes recognising all forms of knowledge, including traditional and ordinary knowledge.

• Integration

All elements of the environment are linked and management must therefore take account of the connections between them.

The integration of environmental concerns into every area of human activity is central to the achievement of sustainable development. Priority areas for environmental governance include:

• the integration of environmental, social and economic considerations in development and land-use planning processes and structures. This requires assessment of environmental impact at policy, planning, programme and project levels
• an integrated approach to environmental management, addressing :

- all environmental media
- all social, cultural and natural resources
- pollution control and waste management

• an integrated approach to government's environmental functions, including :

- organisational and institutional arrangements
- legislation and
- all policies in all spheres of government.

• Open information

To give effect to their constitutional rights, everyone must have access to information to enable them to:

• protect their health and well-being
• protect the environment
• participate effectively in environmental governance and
• comply with environmental policy, legislation and regulation.

• Participation

Government must encourage the inclusion of all interested and affected parties in environmental governance with the aim of achieving equitable and effective participation.

• Precaution

Government will apply a risk-averse and cautious approach that recognises the limits of current knowledge about the environmental consequences of decisions or actions.

This approach includes the identification of:

• the nature, source and scope of potentially significant impact on the environment and on people's environmental rights and
• the potential risks arising from uncertainty.

Where there is uncertainty, action should be taken to limit the risk. This should include consideration of the 'no go' option.

• Prevention

Government must anticipate problems and prevent a negative impact on the environment and on people's environmental rights.

• Polluter pays

Those responsible for environmental damage must pay the repair costs both to the environment and human health, and the costs of preventive measures to reduce or prevent further pollution and environmental damage.

• Waste avoidance and minimisation

Waste management must minimise and avoid the creation of waste at source, especially in the case of toxic and hazardous wastes. Government must encourage waste recycling, separation at source and safe disposal of unavoidable waste.

APPENDIX 3

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

This glossary defines the terms used in this White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management for South Africa. Also refer to the Appendix 2 which lists and defines the principles set out in the White Paper on Environmental Management Policy for South Africa.

Accelerated depreciation - allows equipment to be written off more rapidly than is generally the case within the context of the corporate income tax system.

Ambient standards - quantitative pollutant levels which may not be exceeded, or may be exceeded only for a specific frequency or duration, in water, in the air or within soil in order to ensure it is fit for a designated use, and to reasonably preserve the environment and not significantly impair human health.

Anthropogenic - generated by human activity.

Basic needs subsidies- allow people access to environmental assets without compensating payment.

Best practical environmental option - BPEO is the outcome of a systematic consultative and decision-making procedure that emphasises the protection of the environment across land, air and water. It establishes, for a given set of objectives, the option that provides the most benefit or least damage to the environment as a whole, at acceptable cost in the short-term and as well as in the long-term.

Best practical means- the minimum needed to meet the requirements of present legislation.

Biodiversity - the number and variety of living organisms on earth. Biodiversity is made up of species richness, ecosystem complexity and genetic variation.

Biota - living organisms.

Carcinogenic - ability to cause cancer.

CEC - Committee for Environmental Co-ordination

Civil Society - this term includes all members/sectors of society outside government.

Cleaner production - The term "cleaner production" describes a comprehensive preventive approach to environmental protection. Many other terms are being used globally, such as waste minimisation, pollution prevention, cleaner technology, waste reduction, eco-efficiency, non-waste technologies and source reduction, without there being a universal consensus on what they mean. All of the terms mentioned above, however, describe a proactive approach that embraces a forward-looking "anticipate and prevent" philosophy. Ensuring cleaner production is now internationally recognised as a crucial means to reconcile the environmental and economic goals involved in the move towards sustainable development.

Cleaner production can provide long-term benefits, such as

• reducing liabilities
• promoting a positive public image
• improving industrial housekeeping practices
• improving the health and safety of employees
• increasing operating efficiency
• on-site reuse
• reducing waste production costs
• raising profitability, enhancing competitiveness and
• improving environmental performance.

Cleaner production, therefore, reflects both an interest in savings and avoidance of increasingly stronger environmental regulations. Cleaner production includes measures to conserve, eliminating toxic and dangerous raw materials and product constituents, and measures to reduce at source the quantity and toxicity of all emissions and wastes being emitted to air, land and water. Furthermore, this approach embraces the cradle-to-grave principle, the precautionary principle and the preventive principle. Because cleaner production attacks the problem at several levels at once, it is a holistic integrated preventive approach to environmental protection. The cleaner production approach is an integral part of integrated pollution and waste management policy.

Coastal zone - the area of land and sea along the coast, including estuaries, onshore areas and offshore areas; wherever they form an integral part of the coastal system.

Cost benefit analysis - estimates and comparison of short-term and long-term costs (losses) and benefits (gains); an economic analysis of an undertaking, involving the conversion of all positive and negative aspects into common units (e.g. money), so that the total benefits and the total costs can be compared.

Cultural resources - natural features and features adapted and created by humans in the past and present. These features are the result of continuing human cultural activity and reflect a range of community values.

DEAT - Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism

Deposit refund system - system where a deposit is levied on products with a potential to pollute and refunded when product or residue is returned.

DME - Department of Minerals and Energy

Duty of care principle - Every person or organisation has a duty to act with due care to avoid damage to others, or to the environment.

DWAF - Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

Ecosystem - dynamic complex plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit.

Effluent - liquid waste generated by human activity.

EMPR - Environmental Management Programme Report

Environmental audit - a regular formal examination to ascertain whether an organisation or facility is operating in terms of its environmental performance requirements or some other measure of performance.

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) - a detailed study of the environmental consequences of a proposed course of action. An environmental evaluation (also called environmental assessment) is a study of the environmental effects of a decision, location or undertaking. Environmental evaluation is most often used within an integrated environmental management (IEM) planning process as a decision support tool to compare different options.

Environmental management programmes (EMP) - in terms of the Minerals Act (No.50 of 1991), every mine must submit an EMP to the Department of Minerals and Energy. An EMP contains elements of environmental assessment (see EIA) plus management plans. Once it has been approved, it has the force of law.

Environmental management system (EMS) - documented procedures drawn up as described in an SABS Code of Practice to implement the requirements of ISO 14000. Operating, emergency, data collection and documentation procedures are set out, along with procedures for training, the transfer of information and all procedures of a complete management and quality control system.

Environmental sustainability - the ability of an activity to continue indefinitely at current and projected levels, without depleting the social, cultural and natural resources required to meet present and future needs.

General waste - waste that does not pose an immediate threat to man or to the environment, i.e. household waste, builder's rubble, garden waste, dry industrial and commercial waste. It may, however, with decomposition, infiltration and percolation produce leachate with an unacceptable pollution potential.

Governance - is the sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs. It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and cooperative action may be taken. It includes formal institutions and regimes empowered to enforce compliance, as well as informal agreements that people and institutions either have agreed to or perceive to be in their interest. It involves setting policy to guide an activity to ensure that the money, people and institutions required to do the work, are in place. Governance also entails making sure that people are accountable for the work they do, monitoring what happens and making new plans to carry the work forward.

Greenhouse gases - gases in the earth's lower atmosphere that trap heat, causing an increase in the earth's temperature.

Habitat - a place, characterised by its physical properties and other life forms, where an organism or community occurs.

Hazardous waste - waste, including radioactive waste, which is legally defined as "hazardous" in the state in which it is generated. The definition is based on the chemical reactivity or toxic, explosive, corrosive or other characteristics which cause, or are likely to cause, danger to health or to the environment, whether by itself or when in contact with other waste.

Heavy metals - term used to describe a class of metals (many of which are toxic) which persist in the environment.

Holistic - term used to describe an approach which is all-encompassing.

Input charges - charges levied on inputs to production processes to limit pollution at a later stage in the product life cycle.

Integrated environmental management (IEM) - a philosophy that-prescribes a code of practice for ensuring that environmental considerations are fully integrated into all stages of the development process in order to achieve a desirable balance between conservation and development.

IWMP - Integrated Waste Management Planning

Integration - approaches to integration with regard to pollution prevention may be divided into philosophical, functional and organisational approaches. These approaches need to be dealt with separately in order to provide resolution to these aspects. They are, however, inter-related and can thus not be developed in isolation.

Functional integration may take place around the source of pollution (such as mining or waste disposal), around the environmental media (air, water and land/soil), around an ecological system (such as a catchment) or around a substance (such as mercury).

Integration, therefore, provides the linkage between :

• how much source-based control is necessary
• how clean the air, water and soil need to be
• how much remediation is necessary.

Intergovernmental - this term refers to relations between spheres of government and to relations between government agencies in the same sphere of government.

Internalisation - the incorporation of externalities into market prices.

Investment credits - incentives to producers and developers to invest in equipment that reduces pollution and/or developments that are beneficial to the environment.

IP&WM Policy - Integrated Pollution and Waste Management Policy

Landfill and landfilled - these terms refer to a commonly used method of solid waste disposal which includes placing the waste in a specially designed site and covering it.

Leachate - the term used to refer to the liquid with a high pollution potential which flows through and out of a landfill.

MECs - Members of the Executive Council

MINMEC - the Committee of Ministers and Members of the Executive Councils: Environment and Nature Conservation.

Mutagenic - ability to cause mutations or changes in living cells.

Non-renewable resource - a resource that either cannot be renewed once it is used or lost, or cannot be renewed in historical time.

NWMS- National Waste Management Strategy

Ozone - see stratospheric ozone.

Particulates - solid particles of pollution emitted from various processes.

Point and non-point pollution - point pollution refers to that pollution for which the source can be clearly identified, and non-point or diffuse pollution refers to pollution for which the sources cannot be clearly or easily identified.

Pollution - any change in the environment caused by substances, radioactive or other waves, noise, odours, dust or heat emitted from any activity, including the storage or treatment of waste or substances, construction and the provisions or services, whether engaged in by any person or an organ of state, where that change has an adverse effect on human health or well-being or on the composition, resilience and productivity of natural or managed ecosystems, or on materials useful to people, or will have such effect in the future.

Pollution charges - charges levied on discharges of pollutants to the environment.

Pollution prevention - the avoidance of impact on the environment by avoidance and minimisation of waste generation.

Product/service subsidies - financial assistance to lower the price of environmentally friendly products or services.

Product stewardship - taking responsibility for a product throughout its entire life cycle, including the responsibility for managing the product as a waste after being discarded.

Radioactive - substances emitting radiation due to the disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei. Radiation can cause various forms of cancer and genetic mutations.

Renewable resource - a resource produced as part of the functioning of natural systems at rates comparable to its rate of consumption. Limits to renewable resources are determined by flow rate and such resources can provide a sustained yield.

Resource charges - charges levied on natural resources during their initial exploitation or extraction.

Risk assessment - a process of gathering data and making assumptions to estimate short- and long-term harmful effects on human health or the environment from exposure to hazards associated with the use of a particular product or technology; or establishing the probability of an event occurring, the factors that could bring about that event, likely exposure levels and the acceptability of the impact resulting from exposure.

SADC - Southem African Development Community.

Silviculture - cultivation of trees.

Stratospheric ozone - an unstable form of oxygen found in the stratosphere, the layer of the atmosphere roughly between 15 and 50 kilometres above the earth. This 'ozone layer' absorbs much of the UV-B radiation from the sun. Exposure to UV-B radiation can cause skin cancer and excessive exposure can cause mutations in plants and other life forms.

Teratogenic - ability to cause foetal damage.

Toxic - poisonous.

Toxic waste - a form of hazardous waste that causes death or serious injury, such as bums, respiratory diseases, cancer or genetic mutations.

Waste - an undesirable or superfluous by-product, emission, or residue of any process or activity which has been discarded, accumulated or been stored for the purpose of discarding or processing. It may be gaseous, liquid or solid or any combination thereof and may originate from a residential, commercial or industrial area. This definition includes industrial waste water, sewage, radioactive substances, mining, metallurgical and power generation waste.

APPENDIX 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1. MINMEC: Environment and Nature Conservation 1998

2. Donors

Danish Cooperation for Environment and Development (DANCED)
Mr Einar Jensen - Environmental Attaché
Mr Peter Lukey - Programme Officer
All support staff who assisted with the project administration

3. Project Committee

4. Drafting Team

The Project Committee appointed the following people to draft the Discussion Document: Towards a White Paper on Integrated Pollution Control and Waste Management and this White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management for South Africa:

The drafting team was assisted by a number of specialists:

5. All the people who submitted written comments on the discussion document

The comments are contained in an electronic database at the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism in Pretoria.

6. Others:

Contents