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        <title>Polity.org.za | Econ3x3</title>
        <description><![CDATA[Econ3x3 is an independent forum for critical public debate on unemployment and employment, income distri­bution and inclu­sive growth in South Africa. It publishes accessible research based contribu­tions and expert commentaries.]]></description>
        <link>https://www.polity.org.za/page/econ3x3</link>
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            <title>How the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (EU CBAM) may affect South ...</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/how-the-european-unions-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-eu-cbam-may-affect-south-african-exports-2026-10-29</link>
            <description><![CDATA[The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (EU CBAM) puts a carbon price on emissions embedded in certain products imported into the EU. Its effects will depend not only on how carbon-intensive exports are, but also on the particular products countries export and the price of those products. For South Africa, this makes industrial upgrading, cleaner electricity, and credible emissions measurement increasingly important for export competitiveness.1 On 1 January 2026, the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (EU CBAM) entered its definitive phase. The policy is intended to ensure that carbon-intensive products imported into the EU face a carbon cost comparable to that paid by producers within the EU. It currently covers selected products in carbon-intensive sectors2.]]></description>
            <author>Econ3x3  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2026 10:15:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>733235</a_id>
        <updated>1793261912</updated>
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        <editor>Creamer Media Reporter  </editor>
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            <title>Youth employment: the need for a three-pronged approach</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/youth-employment-the-need-for-a-three-pronged-approach-2026-10-22</link>
            <description><![CDATA[The limits to job creation in the formal economy are well documented. This is why policies to boost job creation need to ensure that public employment programmes, self-employment initiatives, and formal sector job creation reinforce each other. In a recent article for Econ3x3, Prof Justin Visagie asked what is to be done if the mainstream, formal economy cannot create enough jobs in South Africa. This question is brought into sharp focus by the Q2 2026 Quarterly Labour Force Survey in which unemployment amongst 15-34 year olds rose from 45.8% to 47.4%, with 264 000 fewer jobs in a single quarter.]]></description>
            <author>Econ3x3  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Thu, 22 Oct 2026 09:49:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>732723</a_id>
        <updated>1792655530</updated>
        <published>1792655340</published>
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        <editor>Creamer Media Reporter  </editor>
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            <title>How to make land reform partnerships work</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/how-to-make-land-reform-partnerships-work-2026-10-13</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Land restitution is far more complex than simply resettling dispossessed communities on restored land. If beneficiaries are to prosper and sustain livelihoods from the land, they need to develop viable commercial partnerships. When people were dispossessed of their land, following the 1913 Natives Land Act, they lost much more than the land. They lost access to skills, markets, finance, and the institutions needed to make land productive. Returning land alone is insufficient. Without sustained investment and technical support, productivity collapses, leaving land reform beneficiaries unable to develop sustainable livelihoods.]]></description>
            <author>Econ3x3  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2026 11:52:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>732096</a_id>
        <updated>1791885395</updated>
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        <editor>Creamer Media Reporter  </editor>
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            <title>The quiet erosion: What has happened to subsistence farming in South Africa?</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/the-quiet-erosion-what-has-happened-to-subsistence-farming-in-south-africa-2026-09-28</link>
            <description><![CDATA[There is a gradual decline in households engaged in subsistence agriculture. What does this mean for food security and for households’ wellbeing? There is a quiet story unfolding in South Africa’s rural and peri-urban landscapes, one that does not grab headlines in the way droughts, export bans, or commodity price spikes do. Yet it is a story that holds important implications for the country’s food security: a gradual decline in the number of households engaged in agriculture.]]></description>
            <author>Creamer Media Reporter  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2026 14:37:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>731060</a_id>
        <updated>1790599584</updated>
        <published>1790599020</published>
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        <editor>Creamer Media Reporter  </editor>
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            <title>From fragility to resilience: The emerging market journey</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/from-fragility-to-resilience-the-emerging-market-journey-2026-09-23</link>
            <description><![CDATA[In many ways, South Africa is a textbook example of a resilient emerging market, but the country still faces the “silent crisis” of tepid growth. This is caused not by macro-economic policy but by the institutional failure brought on by state capture. There is a cover of Time magazine, dated 15 February 1999, with the title ‘The Committee to Save the World’. There are three men pictured, all Americans: Alan Greenspan, the Chair of the United States Federal Reserve; Bob Rubin, the US Treasury Secretary; and his deputy, Larry Summers.]]></description>
            <author>Econ3x3  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 14:20:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>730891</a_id>
        <updated>1790166206</updated>
        <published>1790166000</published>
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        <editor>Creamer Media Reporter  </editor>
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        <image_title>Reserve Bank Governor Lesetja Kganyago</image_title>
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            <title>Promises and limits: What the SRD grant tells us about cash transfers in constrained labour markets</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/promises-and-limits-what-the-srd-grant-tells-us-about-cash-transfers-in-constrained-labour-markets-2026-09-09</link>
            <description><![CDATA[How effective are cash transfers in improving labour market outcomes in contexts where jobs are scarce and barriers to self-employment high? We examine the effects of South Africa’s Social Relief of Distress (SRD) grant – a small, unconditional cash transfer targeting the unemployed – and find that it increases job search and employment without discouraging work, at least on average. However, in a labour market as structurally constrained as South Africa’s, these gains are modest and short-lived, pointing to the need for complementary reforms that go beyond income support alone. Cash transfers and structural unemployment]]></description>
            <author>Econ3x3  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2026 14:24:00 +0200</pubDate>
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        <updated>1788956814</updated>
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        <editor>Econ3x3  </editor>
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            <title>Operation Vulindlela: Opening the road</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/operation-vulindlela-opening-the-road-2026-09-04</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Operation Vulindlela is a joint delivery unit of the Presidency and the National Treasury, established in 2020 to implement a limited set of reforms identified in a 2019 National Treasury growth paper. Its first phase covered electricity generation licensing, water-use licences, work visas, freight rail and ports, and telecommunications. A second phase extends to metro rail, municipal water services, local government finances and digital government. This article sets out what each of those reforms involved, and where the programme now stands. Early in Cyril Ramaphosa’s first term as president, a group of policymakers convened to analyse just how dire the condition of the South African economy was and to discuss what needed to be done.]]></description>
            <author>Econ3x3  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Fri, 04 Sep 2026 09:23:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>729477</a_id>
        <updated>1788507002</updated>
        <published>1788506580</published>
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        <editor>Econ3x3  </editor>
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            <title>The economy we are waiting for may never arrive: we need to imagine new paths to development</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/the-economy-we-are-waiting-for-may-never-arrive-we-need-to-imagine-new-paths-to-development-2026-08-27</link>
            <description><![CDATA[South Africa’s development challenge is not only economic; it is also one of imagination. We need to find new areas where growth, innovation, and opportunity can thrive. South Africa spends a great deal of time waiting. We are waiting for growth to return, for investment to arrive, for transformation to work, for unemployment to fall – waiting for an economy capable of delivering broad-based inclusion. Yet despite three decades of reform, many of these expectations have remained stubbornly unmet.]]></description>
            <author>Econ3x3  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 12:03:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>728887</a_id>
        <updated>1787825332</updated>
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        <editor>Econ3x3  </editor>
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            <title>Flawed methods lead to dangerous conclusions on SRD lifeline</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/flawed-methods-lead-to-dangerous-conclusions-on-srd-lifeline-2026-08-14</link>
            <description><![CDATA[This article critiques two 2026 academic papers that argue that the Covid-19 SRD grant led to reductions in household income and expenditure and food security. We show that a failure to understand the design of the grant led to flawed methods and incorrect interpretation of results. The authors conclude that cash transfer programmes can have negative “unintended consequences”, when in fact their results show that the grant is overwhelmingly received by income-insecure households, but that its value is too low to adequately alleviate food insecurity. This article responds to two recent papers by economists Lateef Bello and Dorah Dubihlela on the welfare effects of South Africa’s Social Relief of Distress (SRD) grant. These papers grabbed our attention, for two reasons.]]></description>
            <author>Econ3x3  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 09:20:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>727866</a_id>
        <updated>1786692247</updated>
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        <editor>Creamer Media Reporter  </editor>
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            <title>Sweet smell of success: how South Africa overtook Spain as the world's largest citrus exporter ...</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/sweet-smell-of-success-how-south-africa-overtook-spain-as-the-worlds-largest-citrus-exporter-by-volume-2026-08-06</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Last year, South Africa overtook Spain to become the world’s largest exporter of citrus. It marked a turning point in the world’s citrus industry and in the country’s focus on high-value agricultural exports. What has driven this move, and what challenges does the sector face today? Introduction]]></description>
            <author>Econ3x3  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 10:48:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>727320</a_id>
        <updated>1786006389</updated>
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