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        <title>Polity.org.za | Econ3x3</title>
        <description><![CDATA[Econ3x3 is an independent forum for critical public debate on unemployment and employment, income distri­bution and inclu­sive growth in South Africa. It publishes accessible research based contribu­tions and expert commentaries.]]></description>
        <link>https://www.polity.org.za/page/econ3x3</link>
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            <title>The city outside the city: governance and growth on the urban periphery</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/the-city-outside-the-city-governance-and-growth-on-the-urban-periphery-2026-05-28</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Millions of South Africans are opting for a "third way" of urban living: low-density, spacious housing on the urban periphery under traditional land tenure. These settlements are the product of "co-production" between residents, traditional leaders, and a fragmented state. While they offer a powerful aspirational vision for many, they also present a looming governance crisis characterised by a breakdown in the social contract and a "fiscal exit" from municipal land taxation systems. Addressing ...]]></description>
            <author>Econ3x3  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 09:16:00 +0200</pubDate>
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        <editor>Econ3x3  </editor>
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            <title>A national tax on online betting in South Africa</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/a-national-tax-on-online-betting-in-south-africa-2026-05-15</link>
            <description><![CDATA[National Treasury has proposed a national online gambling tax in addition to existing provincial taxes. This measure is intended to curb the rapid growth in online gambling activity and address its negative social harms. From 2021/22 to 2024/25, online and retail betting has more than tripled, while total gambling expenditure (which includes brick-and-mortar casinos, bingo, and limited payout machines) has more than doubled [1,2]. Terminology and legislation]]></description>
            <author>Econ3x3  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Fri, 15 May 2026 09:22:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>721368</a_id>
        <updated>1778830163</updated>
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        <editor>Creamer Media Reporter  </editor>
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            <title>Why better access to agricultural finance is crucial for inclusive growth </title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/why-better-access-to-agricultural-finance-is-crucial-for-inclusive-growth-2026-05-05</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Many black smallholder and emerging farmers struggle to access the finance crucial for developing their businesses. The result is persistent inequality in the agricultural sector. What can be done to make it more inclusive?  Farming, like any other business, requires adequate start-up capital to finance production, manage risks, and expand operations. Access to credit is associated with bigger farms, more productivity, and more income from the farm. Yet many black smallholder and emerging farmers struggle to access credit. This imbalance reflects persistent structural challenges that continue to limit the participation of black farmers in the mainstream agricultural economy.]]></description>
            <author>Econ3x3  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Tue, 05 May 2026 12:41:00 +0200</pubDate>
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        <editor>Creamer Media Reporter  </editor>
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            <title>Married women and work in post-apartheid South Africa</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/married-women-and-work-in-post-apartheid-south-africa-2026-04-30</link>
            <description><![CDATA[What has democracy meant for married women in the labour market? Married women are more actively seeking work but are still more likely to be unemployed than men. However, the expansion of education in the democratic era has significantly affected how she weighs up her potential wage and her husband’s earnings when deciding whether to look for work.  This month, as South Africa commemorates Freedom Day, it is worth pausing on what 1994 changed for women. ]]></description>
            <author>Creamer Media Reporter  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 14:32:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>720356</a_id>
        <updated>1777552464</updated>
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        <editor>Creamer Media Reporter  </editor>
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            <title>What if the formal economy can’t deliver the jobs we need?</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/what-if-the-formal-economy-cant-deliver-the-jobs-we-need-2026-04-22</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Over the past 10 years, South Africa has created only 130 000 new formal work opportunities on average a year – not nearly enough to absorb the 12 million work seekers currently unemployed. The size of the challenge is such that even if job growth in the formal sector were to grow to three percent per annum, it would take 50 years to wipe out unemployment. So, what are our options? Moving backwards]]></description>
            <author>Creamer Media Reporter  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 11:51:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>719891</a_id>
        <updated>1776851697</updated>
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        <editor>Creamer Media Reporter  </editor>
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            <title>Decades on, the labour distortions of apartheid persist</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/decades-on-the-labour-distortions-of-apartheid-persist-2026-04-14</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Each year South Africa commemorates Human Rights Day, marking the 1960 Sharpeville massacre, when police opened fire on people protesting against the pass laws. The day invites reflection on the many ways apartheid denied millions of South Africans their rights and opportunities. The passbooks are gone. Job reservation laws are gone. The racially tiered wage schedules are gone. But tax records and payroll data filed as recently as 2018 tell a more unsettling story: the labour market distortions ...]]></description>
            <author>Econ3x3  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2026 12:11:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>719259</a_id>
        <updated>1776161579</updated>
        <published>1776161460</published>
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        <editor>Creamer Media Reporter  </editor>
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            <title>Illicit cigarettes make up more than half the market </title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/illicit-cigarettes-make-up-more-than-half-the-market-2026-04-01</link>
            <description><![CDATA[A nationally representative survey of South African smokers confirms that illegal cigarettes made up roughly 60% of the total market in 2021. This aligns closely with other research indicating that the illicit market grew from less than 10% before 2010 to more than 55% in 2020 and subsequent years. We estimate the share of cigarettes sold at prices strongly indicative of illicit production, and identify brands and brand owners most implicated. The results show where enforcement agencies should focus their attention to curb the continued rise of illicit trade. Introduction ]]></description>
            <author>Econ3x3  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 01 Apr 2026 11:40:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>718500</a_id>
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        <editor>Creamer Media Reporter  </editor>
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            <title>How agricultural economists can support the sector</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/how-agricultural-economists-can-support-the-sector-2026-03-25</link>
            <description><![CDATA[Agriculture is a key sector of the South African economy. Research institutions play a crucial role in generating evidence that can inform decision-making across this critical sector.  Introduction]]></description>
            <author>Creamer Media Reporter  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 10:51:00 +0200</pubDate>
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        <updated>1774428931</updated>
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        <editor>Creamer Media Reporter  </editor>
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            <title>The Employment Tax Incentive – a reform proposal </title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/the-employment-tax-incentive-a-reform-proposal-2026-03-25</link>
            <description><![CDATA[In the context of South Africa’s deep structural unemployment, neither the empirical evidence nor the underlying theory supports the current narrowly targeted wage subsidy of South Africa’s youth employment incentive. We outline recommendations for reform of the incentive as a broad-based employment subsidy, drawing in part on a comparison with the US earned-income tax credit. How should the ETI’s design be adapted, and what are the cost implications?   Introduction]]></description>
            <author>Creamer Media Reporter  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 10:43:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>718025</a_id>
        <updated>1774428517</updated>
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        <editor>Creamer Media Reporter  </editor>
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            <title>Is competition the missing piece in South Africa’s port reform puzzle?</title>
            <link>https://www.polity.org.za/article/is-competition-the-missing-piece-in-south-africas-port-reform-puzzle-2026-03-13</link>
            <description><![CDATA[In his 2026 budget speech, Finance Minister Enoch Godongwana highlighted the need to remove bottlenecks in South Africa's ports. This follows the statements by President Cyril Ramaphosa in his 2026 State of the Nation address. The President said South Africa had begun to fix its ports. He pointed out that last month Transnet had signed a deal with an international port operator to manage the country's biggest container terminal in Durban's Pier 2, bringing in investment and getting the terminal ...]]></description>
            <author>Econ3x3  </author>
            <category>Econ3x3</category>
            <pubDate>Fri, 13 Mar 2026 09:24:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <a_id>717212</a_id>
        <updated>1773386831</updated>
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        <editor>Econ3x3  </editor>
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